warrigal creek massacre documentarywarrigal creek massacre documentary

Stay updated on Warrigal Creek Massacre Documentary Screening and find even more events in Warragul. There exists little to no official documentation of the Warrigal Creek Massacre. Establishing this will entail the evaluation of all historical themes and not rejecting or ignoring evidence because it does not fit a preconceived narrative. Warrigal Creek Massacre Documentary This documentary will be shown at the Regent Theatre in Yarram on 10 July at 7.30pm during Naidoc Week. In Through Foreign Eyes, Gardner quoted the journal of William Thomas, the Assistant Protector of Aborigines. Bells account and the report of the massacre involving the Native Police in April 1845 can be found by simple searches on Trove. The Gippslander account mentions the Highland Brigade and a death toll of 100 to 150, but McMillans involvement, Scotsmen, the swearing to God and the Queen, and secrecy, are entirely Gardners creation. Thomas wrote that Meyrick, gave me a most awful statement of doings in Gippsland & tho he stated the utter impossibility of bringing forward valid evidence to convict in a court of law, yet the awful spectacle of human skeletons & pack[s] of bones & report[s] of doings within the last 3 yrs, shows that the Aborigines have been cut off in awful numbers, & the residue left almost totally destitute, in fact he said how they lived God only knew as they were driven to the Lakes & Lagoons where Europeans would not follow them, that the Maneiro Blks (encouraged he believed by the early Settlers) [had] been very instrumental with the Black Police of awfully thinning their numbers that the Awful Sacrifice of life after the Murder of Mr McAlister was awfully reckless & merciless [53]. Thomas wrote in April 1845: He said he and another man had come unarmed from Gippsland. To date, there is nothing to suggest that it will include Angus McMillan leading the Charge of the Highland Brigade. Perhaps the most revealing example of Gardners influence is Cal Flynns Thicker Than Water, in which McMillan is denounced by his own descendant. Purchase tickets, They returned in triumph with flesh from the Kurnai they had killed. According to Gardner, the Warrigal Creek massacre was revenge for his murder. [34] How left is open to interpretation given that his third book, Our Murdering Founding Father (a diatribe against McMillan), begins with the property is theft quote from the nineteenth-century anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. This was the cause of great enmity among the surviving Bunurong. The region had descended rapidly into crime and violence in the absence of any government authority. new domain, Events.com. Where I live you can almost point in every direction [to a massacre site], he says. Presumably he had reasons for both, but he did not say why and he did not reveal the source of his information. I ill not believe anything about aboriginal history that does not have the Indigenous Seal of Approval by the Bruce Pascoe Ministry of Truth. Build a site and generate income from purchases, subscriptions, and courses. Required fields are marked *. Purchase tickets, 0000030698 00000 n Warrigal Creek is the site of an 1843 massacre in of Gunai/Kurnai people in colonial Victoria, during the Australian frontier wars. 0000010708 00000 n Inspire employees with compelling live and on-demand video experiences. 0000029696 00000 n [8], Michael Connor: The Massacre Maps shoddy research, In order to export livestock, the squatters needed a port and grazing land in Gippsland, as it was the closest part of the mainland to Van Diemens Land. stream Please try again. He added that one of the Kurnai involved in the murder survived and often re-enacted his part in the ambush. 5 0 obj 0000021061 00000 n If a historical narrative is to be used as the basis for debate or action in the public sphere, it should be grounded in non-partisan, objective research and analysis. Elizabeth Balderstone leads a lifestyle that many city dwellers fantasise about, on a farm in Victorias Gippsland, surrounded by friendly sheep, with a humble little creek just 60 metres from her house. In the revised edition of Gippsland Massacres, Gardner reinvented the account, claiming the bones were carried away from the [Warrigal] Creek by the cartload. This article has been rated as Low-importance on the . from 0000015443 00000 n In an essay on Gippsland from April 1843, Henry Bebb Morris described a mock fight between six Kurnai men using spears, boomerangs and waddies: they are small men, and when in repose would not be remarked for beauty or figure, but under the excitement of the fight they put every muscle into motion, and threw themselves into attitudes which would have graced a Grecian warrior. 0000116989 00000 n <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.4 841.8] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> HLWKf_e|~JD,@K&HSU}t?nO?7OWO?zW_/Vew}V53VfyKwVh{OM5{=+JUwPfQ}-nXY34lMXGz+{? Sell more tickets through digital marketing. <>>> They were feared by their tribal enemies for their ability to attack at nighta skill the Europeans were to encounter.[5]. In the latter, there is no mention of McMillan at all, the death toll is different (many escaped into the bush), and there is no Bing Eye or Club Footwhich may suggest editorial licence in the original version. Buntines Bruthen Creek run was several miles and several squatting runs to the west of Warrigal Creek. He was hit in the eye by a slug, captured by the whites, and made to lead the Brigade from one camp to another. Host virtual events and webinars to increase engagement and generate leads. His alleged role in the massacre is a construct entirely of Gardners own making, where he attached McMillans name to the Gippslander story without revealing this to his readers. This special screening is being hosted by the Healesville Local Aboriginal Network (LAN), Healesville Indigenous Community Services Association (HICSA), Yarra . It beggars belief that it was accepted as a completely reliable historical source. In other parts of the District, prior to my arrival, they had occasionally come into collision with the Settlersthe consequence of which was the murder of four shepherdsand as far as I can learn without any provocationthey have also committed, and are still committing, many depredations on the stock of the Settlerswhich from the nature of the country, and the known fact of their carrying on their depredations at night, it is difficult to prevent. This was written two years after the murder of Macalister; stating that the slaughter took place after the murder does not necessarily mean that it took place because of the murder. The Commissariat let annual tenders for the supply of fresh meat and other staples. A Mr. Nelsons house was also attacked a few days before, and the blacks, after wounding a man in his employ, decamped with several articles of his property.[19]. The story was written anonymously for a magazine for primary school children eighty-two years after the incident described, without attribution, and by someone who was not there. [2], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}374014S 1463957E / 37.67056S 146.66583E / -37.67056; 146.66583, Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 01:43, List of massacres of Indigenous Australians, "Victoria's Deadly & Proud campaign remembers Indigenous victims of Warrigal Creek massacre in South Gippsland", "Living on a massacre site: home truths and trauma at Warrigal Creek", "Victoria to introduce Australia's first truth-telling process to address Indigenous injustices", "Victoria to establish truth and justice process as part of Aboriginal treaty process", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warrigal_Creek_Massacre&oldid=1141638012, "The Settling of Gippsland - A Regional History", by Patrick Morgan, published by Gippsland Municipalities Association, Traralgon, 1997. [11] The violent response from the Kurnai was the same as that meted out to their tribal enemies when defending their territory. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R [10], When the squatters began occupying Kurnai territory with their herds of sheep and cattle, conflict soon followed. The Warrigal Creek Massacre: True Story or Apocryphal? 2151 In my research for Bitter Harvest, I could find no reference, in original sources, to The Highland Brigade, established, according to the Gardner version of history, to seek out and exterminate blacks. Captain Charles Tyers RN arrived in Gippsland in January 1844 as the Commissioner for Crown Lands. The stories were republished as The Book of the Bush in 1898. Balderstone and Irving hope that one day Australia fully recognises the extent of the massacres through a truth and reconciliation commission. These stories contain the earliest known account of a massacre as revenge for the death of Macalister. A second version of Hoddinotts story was published in the Gippsland Times and Bairnsdale Advertiser in 1940. Within a period of two years, it appears that Gippsland became a haven for escapees. The reference to Bundalaguah Swamp has previously escaped notice. 0001064309 00000 n The question posed at the start of this article was whether Gardners Warrigal Creek massacre story should be seen as historical fact or an apocryphal tale. 0000020785 00000 n Their territory extended along the coast from Cape Liptrap in the west to Point Hicks in the east, and inland to the Great Dividing Range in the north. Film Screening The Warrigal Creek Massacre This country has a hidden history that is not widely acknowledged. This land was never ceded. His body was mutilated and stripped, and it was found the next day by an Aboriginal boy in his employment. Please call Drouin Library for more information 56 251564. [30] Escapees living outside the law would therefore have posed a dire threat to the Kurnai. We are here to help! The history of early Gippsland will invariably include many intersecting and conflicting narratives. I have seen somewhere that this version of the. The themes in this page may cause distress. First, using the information Gardner misinterpreted, rejected or missed in Thomas, Dunderdale and Bell, we must accept the possibility or even the probability that an atrocity took place somewhere. Gardners work has hints of Marxist reductionism, where the Kurnai are portrayed as living in an Arcadian economy that was destroyed by the expansionary capitalism of the land-hungry squatters. Our history group (Morwell U3A) are having trouble trying to track this documentary down. Food and drink refreshments will be offered (meat, vegetarian and gluten free options available). /Im4 20 0 R /Im1 8 0 R >> >> Most importantly, it does not say whereif Hatchers account is reliable, he was clearly not speaking about Warrigal Creek. The creek is on a farm 40 kilometres (25mi) south of Sale, and 200 kilometres (120mi) east of Melbourne, in the South Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia. 0000885516 00000 n Thu [54] Meyrick arrived in Gippsland in 1845 so he was not a witness to anything before that date. endobj %%EOF [citation needed] The group of Gaelic-speaking Scotsmen was known as the "Highland Brigade". If the problem persists contact Customer Support. Nous et nos partenaires utilisons des cookies et des outils similaires afin d'assurer le bon fonctionnement de nos services, d'amliorer la fonctionnalit de notre site Web, de comprendre comment les visiteurs utilisent nos services afin que nous puissions amliorer nos performances, et des fins . 2023 Vimeo.com, Inc. All rights reserved. According to Tyers, at least fifty Kurnai were killed by the Native Police and other Aborigines attached to the search parties. This is a 50 minute documentary and is being held on Wednesday 5 December. Bell stated: The historic pen of Victorian settlement would paint with truth the horrors of many a scene of Gipps Land life; it was in 1843 that the aggressions of the blacks were so frequent. This documentary captures a story from Victoria, however there were similar stories as the waves of colonisation swept across the country. One was a boy at the time about 12 or 14 years old. Launch date: Wednesday 4 AprilStratford Courthouse TheatreFree entry but bookings essentialRegister via Eventbrite http://bit.ly/2sTmWsCAbout the filmWhen An. The arrival of the Europeans changed the dynamics of this conflict with the introduction of firearms and the formation of the Native Police. 6 0 obj endstream endobj 92 0 obj <>/Metadata 5 0 R/PageLabels 2 0 R/Pages 4 0 R/StructTreeRoot 7 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 93 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>>>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 94 0 obj [95 0 R 96 0 R] endobj 95 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/O/Rect[243.918 110.871 393.795 129.239]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 96 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/O/Rect[262.285 160.096 431.264 175.524]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 97 0 obj <> endobj 98 0 obj [/Indexed/DeviceCMYK 244 110 0 R] endobj 99 0 obj [/ICCBased 111 0 R] endobj 100 0 obj <>stream The Van Diemens Land convict economy provided the economic motives for the European settlement of Gippsland, which in turn led to conflict with the Kurnai. bHn=Y,8M*[+GwXfi1^yn}vSuvA@pN. But that creek, Warrigal, has seen unimaginable horrors. [1], The estimates of numbers of deaths vary: some historical accounts say that 60 people were killed,[citation needed] while other sources suggest that up to 150 people may have been killed. In July 1843, a man named Ronald Macalister was killed by Aboriginal men near Port Albert, on the coast of Victoria. In July 1843 Angus McMillan and a group of his countrymen known as the Highland Brigade shot between 60 and 150 Gunaikurnai people in retribution for the murder of Ronald Macalister, the nephew of a wealthy pastoralist, Lachlan Macalister, who owned a local station called Nuntin. [14], Conflict with the Kurnai was not restricted to the Europeans. [59] McMillans Bushy Park run was on the eastern side of the Avon. lizabeth Balderstone leads a lifestyle that many city dwellers fantasise about, on a farm in Victorias Gippsland, surrounded by friendly sheep, with a humble little creek just 60 metres from her house. 0001031115 00000 n One was a boy at the time about 12 or 14 years old. "qd]^vc'OontVsl McMillan is not implicated in any of the material cited as evidence against him. 0000020559 00000 n For them to do that and come up with a shared name was a major achievement. share events with your friends and make the most out of every experience. Fri., 27 May 20225:00 pm 8:30 pm AEST, Siteworks Workroom 233 Saxon StreetBrunswick, VIC 3056. % Gardner concludes that McMillan's group initially killed two family groups at Warrigal Creek waterhole and then a few days later killed another 60 people at the mouth of Warrigal Creek, then killing three other groups at Freshwater Creek, Gammon Creek, and Red Hill. Gary Foley's Koori History Website http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/indexb.html Kevin Gilbert, Because a . Gardner omitted a part of the quote that indicates Hatcher travelled to Gippsland with a man named Bennett. Both expeditions left Melbourne in April 1844; after battling through the bush for weeks, the two parties encountered each other near Alberton. The murder of his nephew gave him both a professional and a family interest in chastising the criminals, and he soon organised a party to look for them. Frustrated with the hidden history of the massacre, the makers of this 50-minute documentary sought oral histories and combed through archival works to capture and relay the truth of Australias violent past. Here are some resources for further research. )A?8yo]gNV2nj}cR2|#~M >A$M#~A^EQ ~Q{?pO0!&S7),}w4Wf+(L1Qd (wL~MdP{"&r'|2b7##lQ$*GJA]a8[B&DKv-vk@,#dD B79 j2zKD#,mgF(3dz_5W^LaJhs/QwFrqP{q[U}d [32] Gardners work has been influential and generally unquestioned. There were further reports of violence involving the Kurnai in April 1844 when the Sydney Morning Herald printed a letter from a Gippsland squatter: The blacks are still continuing their outragesburning huts, robbing peoples gardens, and slaughtering cattle by wholesale. Voice.Treaty.Truth. This letter indicates that the Kurnai were still harrying the squatters the year after the massacre is believed to have occurredthere was conflict with the Kurnai before and after the murder of Macalister. %PDF-1.4 % 0001064425 00000 n Because to move forward we must acknowledge our past. This mass murder was committed by early colonists Angus McMillan and the Highland Brigade. He was shot through the foot and was so injured that he was called Club Foot.[39]. [2] His work has indeed permeated academic and public discourse, but it contains many unproven assertions that undermine his main premise, that McMillan was responsible for the massacre. 4 0 obj It was, of course, impossible to identify any blackfellow concerned in the outrage, and therefore atonement must be made by the tribe. It was made to better understand our country's true history. If you would like to participate, visit the project page. Our land of migrants, from the very first in their canoes or who even walked here. Gardner believes that the lack of primary evidence for massacres such as Warrigal Creek is due to silence and secrecy and this is a recurrent theme in his work. To those who came by jet plane yesterday. Can only find the trailer. ]V)cxN:*e%{ZXi8C -[Y1d-ZZ. While the murder was well documented in contemporary newspaper accounts, the reports also indicate that by mid-1843, Gippsland was in a state of disarray. stream The culture of secrecy surrounding the massacres was evident in Willy Hoddinotts account (as an anonymous Gippslander) published in the Gap magazine more than 80 years later: .css-cumn2r{height:1em;width:1.5em;margin-right:3px;vertical-align:baseline;fill:#C70000;}The brigade coming up to the blacks camped around the waterhole at Warrigal Creek surrounded them and fired into them, killing a great number, some escaped into the scrub, others jumped into the waterhole, and, as fast as they put their heads up for breath, they were shot until the water was red with blood. The Chief Protector of Aborigines, George Augustus Robinson (right), noted that the settlers were not the only ones to suffer from the convicts: There is however reason to fear that before the arrival of the Commissioner a large amount of mischief had been inflicted upon the original Inhabitants by the lawless and depraved who had infested the port from Van Diemens Land and the Middle Districts [present-day New South Wales] and that the instance recorded (if reports be true) is not the only one in which the Blacks have suffered. Coincidentally or not, the Australasian newspaper published stories between 1923 and 1925 with a one-eyed Aboriginal character named Bing-eye; the term club foot was ubiquitous. 0000024560 00000 n The Kurnai people were the indigenous inhabitants of Gippsland when the first Europeans arrived. [7], Many histories of Gippsland have quaint notions of founding fathers, churches and shires, but the reality is that squatters occupied the region in order to capture a share of the filthy lucre of the Van Diemens Land convict economy. 0000115969 00000 n Bookings free, but essential. Tyerss Convict Return for 1844 shows that convict labour was an integral part of the squatter economy. Please enable JavaScript to experience Vimeo in all of its glory. And forward if you like. Wayne, a very valuable and comprehensive article. Is there any aspect of our history that has now not been corrupted by the SJWs? It also suggests that the squatters were unprepared for the resistance they faced. Macalisters letter to the Sydney Morning Herald in 1843 and a search of Trove and the PROV websites reveal that this statement is incorrect. This raises the inevitable question of whether the massacre story, based on Gardners interpretation, should be seen as historical fact or an apocryphal tale. [56] These accounts nonetheless provide evidence of the otherwise unrecorded conflict between the Europeans and the Kurnai at places such as Bruthen Creek. 0000000016 00000 n Launch date: Wednesday 4 AprilStratford Courthouse TheatreFree entry but bookings essentialRegister via Eventbrite http://bit.ly/2sTmWsCAbout the filmWhen Angus McMillian and the Highland Brigade rode through Gippsland in 1843, they aimed to murder as many Gunai Kurnai children, women and men as they could.At a quiet bend on a beautiful creek they committed one of the worst acts of indiscriminate killing in the Australian colonies.Drawing on official archives and oral histories that have never died, this is the story of The Warrigal Creek Massacre.Because to move forward we must acknowledge our past.Produced and directed by Andrew Dodd and Lisa Gye.Production and research by Danielle Bowen, Jonathan Boadle, Jakeb Fair, Alex Owsianka, Don Sheil and Ben Winnell.Supported by Swinburne University. Gardner, Peter, 'The Warrigal Creek massacre', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, pp. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 0000002765 00000 n Nonetheless, it demonstrates that the early settlement of Gippsland was marked by violence involving the Kurnai, the settlers and convicts. Because to move forward we must acknowledge our past. Historian Peter Gardner, in a review of all accounts of the massacre, wrote that MacMillan and the Highland Brigade aimed to wipe out all the Aboriginal people in the area. Part III: Other Versions of the Massacre Story. Facebook. [44] The word colourful may have been more appropriate. 0000020901 00000 n The Scottish colonist and pastoralist, Angus McMillan, led a group of around 20 colonists to attack and kill several groups of Aboriginal people across a number of days. Click here to subscribe. Gardner regards tribal warfare as a myth.[18]. The other forty-six convicts were employed on the squatting runs. Some themes may be unpalatable, including tribal warfare, the murderous role of the Native Police, and the role of convicts as both slave labour and perpetratorsthey are part of the historical record but not always part of the written history. 0000010851 00000 n Gunaikurnai people continue to visit the land to pay their respects. This article has been rated as Stub-Class on the project's quality scale. The mainland squatters wanted a share of this market and the Van Diemens Land butchers with Commissariat contracts needed to obtain livestock at the lowest price possible. 0000008955 00000 n [23] To put this in context, crimes against livestock carried a heavy penalty. He wrote a number of reports on the state of Gippsland to his superior, Charles La Trobe, the Superintendent of the Port Phillip District. However, the region was isolated from the rest of New South Wales by mountains, rivers, forests, swamps and the fierce reputation of the Kurnai. LGMedia. 0 Rather than pursuing plaques or western versions of reconciliation, as Irving puts it, the Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation and the Bunurong Land Council put their energies into changing the name of their local electorate, which was named after McMillan. They murdered, according to Gippslander, 150 at Warrigal Creek, which would make it one of the largest known massacres of Aborigines in Australian history.[36]. Intertribal warfare was endemic in the region with raid and counter raid where men, women and children were slaughtered as they slept, and then eaten. [15]. 0000116911 00000 n First though, it is necessary to establish the circumstances that led to the European settlement of Gippsland and the resulting conflict with the indigenous Kurnai people, which is the root of the massacre story. The Warrigal Creek Massacre event will include: Smoking Ceremony and Welcome to Country Refreshments Filmscreening Panel-led discussion Date: Thursday 11 July 2019 Time: 6.30pm . 0000016727 00000 n [16] The Port Phillip Gazette reported in April 1845: A report has been current that a whole tribe of blacks has been extirpated in the Gipps Land country, by the Western Port or Port Phillip blacks, led on by several of the Mounted Black Police; we understand that an investigation is now going on, and we may add it is one of the most extraordinary affairs we have yet heard about. They travelled with Edward Hobson, who was attempting to find an overland route to Gippsland. A European convicted of cattle stealing in the Port Phillip District faced the penalty of transportation for fifteen years; in Van Diemens Land, it was for life.[24]. 0000020971 00000 n Warrigal Creek Massacre is within the scope of WikiProject Australia, which aims to improve Wikipedia's coverage of Australia and Australia-related topics. I welcome you all to (insert place name). From 1839, Angus McMillan tried on numerous occasions to reach Corner Inlet from the Monaro District and finally succeeded in February 1841 when he reached the tidal bank of the Albert River. << /Length 17 0 R /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 293 /Height 146 /Interpolate y]\lt`(+WT5[y&Z}_~PbEH/XFN4Kz+Vb)44BQ?Zh*Y Eo4/xhJk Peter, 'The Warrigal Creek Massacre Story was published in the Gippsland Times and Bairnsdale Advertiser in 1940 stories. Forward we must acknowledge our past the same as that meted out to their enemies! 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Part in the Gippsland Times and Bairnsdale Advertiser in 1940 triumph with from... To better understand our country & # x27 ; s quality scale reconciliation commission, crimes against livestock a. Men near Port Albert, on the project page not have the Indigenous of. [ citation needed ] the group of Gaelic-speaking Scotsmen was known as the `` Brigade. Among the surviving Bunurong AprilStratford Courthouse TheatreFree entry but bookings essentialRegister via Eventbrite http: //bit.ly/2sTmWsCAbout filmWhen. Firearms and the Highland Brigade '' evidence against him unprepared for the resistance they faced Flynns Thicker Than,., because a if you would like to participate, visit the project & # x27 s. Websites reveal that this version of the Avon reliable historical source part of the Brigade. Named Ronald Macalister was killed by Aboriginal men near Port Albert, on the coast of.! [ 18 ] from Victoria, however there were similar stories as waves! The other forty-six convicts were employed on the project page perhaps the most out of experience! ] ^vc'OontVsl McMillan is denounced by warrigal creek massacre documentary own descendant revealing example of Gardners influence is Cal Flynns Thicker Water. Rn arrived in Gippsland in January 1844 as the Commissioner for Crown Lands out to their tribal enemies when their... Film Screening the Warrigal Creek Massacre documentary this documentary down the Commissariat let annual tenders for supply... Committed by early colonists Angus McMillan leading the Charge of the Europeans Herald 1843... Aboriginal men near Port Albert, on the eastern side of the Warrigal Creek Massacre this country has a history... By simple searches on Trove from purchases, subscriptions, and it was accepted as a myth [! The Kurnai was not a witness to anything before that date in Foreign! The violent response from the Kurnai was the same as that meted out to their tribal enemies defending. Stories were warrigal creek massacre documentary as the Commissioner for Crown Lands have the Indigenous Seal of Approval the. The Kurnai people were the Indigenous inhabitants of Gippsland when the first Europeans.!
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