list of soldiers killed at little bighornlist of soldiers killed at little bighorn

But the soldiers weren't ready to die. This c. 1895-1899 portrait of A-ca-po-re, a Ute musician, by Charles A. Nast has been misidentified as Mitch Bouyer for nearly 100 years. As individual troopers were wounded or killed, initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable. Hurrah boys, we've got them! [65] The soldiers dug crude trenches as the Indians performed their war dance. During the Black Hills Expedition two years earlier, a Gatling gun had turned over, rolled down a mountain, and shattered to pieces. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen, malfunctioned during the battle and [whether this] was one reason for the defeat" and "No definitive conclusion can be drawn [as to] the possible malfunction as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. The rifle was a .45/55-caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a .45-caliber Colt revolver both weapons were models [introduced in] 1873 [though] they did not represent the latest in firearm technology. The Battle of the Little Bighorn happened because the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, in which the U.S. government guaranteed to the Lakota and Dakota (Yankton) as well as the Arapaho exclusive possession of the Dakota Territory west of the Missouri River, had been broken. [64] The shaken Reno ordered his men to dismount and mount again. Russell, D. Custer's List: A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Contemporary accounts also point to the fact that Reno's scout, Bloody Knife, was shot in the head, spraying him with blood, possibly increasing his panic and distress. ", Gallear, 2001: "A study of .45-55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35% of some 1,751 cases tested the carbine was in fact more reliable than anything that had preceded it in U.S. Army service. [100][101] The Army began to investigate, although its effectiveness was hampered by a concern for survivors, and the reputation of the officers. [93], According to Indian accounts, about forty men on Custer Hill made a desperate stand around Custer, delivering volley fire. ", Gallear, 2001: "The bow's effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse. The Great Sioux War ended on May 7 with Miles' defeat of a remaining band of Miniconjou Sioux.[105]. [92], Other archaeological explorations done in Deep Ravine found no human remains associated with the battle. [64] The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters. The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site. Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter, [Custer, in addition to declining the Gatling guns] declined the offer of four additional cavalry companies from [Gibbon's] Montana column." Gallear, 2001: "There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they were. The 1991 bill changing the name of the national monument also authorized an Indian Memorial to be built near Last Stand Hill in honor of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. Effective up to 30 yards (27 meters), the arrows could readily maim or disable an opponent. [118] Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured, Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children. Benteen and Lieut. Custer planned "to live and travel like Indians; in this manner the command will be able to go wherever the Indians can", he wrote in his Herald dispatch. [2], Most battles in the Great Sioux War, including the Battle of the Little Bighorn (14 on the map to the right), "were on lands those Indians had taken from other tribes since 1851". "[176] Custer's highly regarded guide, "Lonesome" Charley Reynolds, informed his superior in early 1876 that Sitting Bull's forces were amassing weapons, including numerous Winchester repeating rifles and abundant ammunition. [25], The battlefield is known as "Greasy Grass" to the Lakota Sioux, Dakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and most other Plains Indians; however, in contemporary accounts by participants, it was referred to as the "Valley of Chieftains".[26]. Behind them, a second company, further up on the heights, would have provided long-range cover fire. After the battle, Thomas Rosser, James O'Kelly, and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat. [200] At time when funding for the post-war Army had been slashed, the prospect for economical production influenced the Ordnance Board member selection of the Springfield option. Comanche alone survived. Badly wounded, the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors, who had taken the other surviving horses. In the last 140 years, historians have been able to identify multiple Indian names pertaining to the same individual, which has greatly reduced previously inflated numbers. 7879: "Apparently, Terry offered [Major James] Brisbin's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh, but Custer refused these additions for several reasons. [179], The troops under Custer's command carried two regulation firearms authorized and issued by the U.S. Army in early 1876: the breech-loading, single-shot Springfield Model 1873 carbine, and the 1873 Colt single-action revolver. The historian James Donovan believed that Custer's dividing his force into four smaller detachments (including the pack train) can be attributed to his inadequate reconnaissance; he also ignored the warnings of his Crow scouts and Charley Reynolds. Comanche lived on another fifteen years. ", Hatch, 1997, pp. [citation needed] When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village, he sent his Arikara/Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Yates' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee (Minneconjou Ford) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village. [84], I think, in all probability, that the men turned their horses loose without any orders to do so. Marsh converted the Far West into a floating field hospital to carry the 52 wounded from the battle to Fort Lincoln. [173] The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors also utilized bows and arrows. Pack Train commander: 1st Lt. Edward Gustave Mathey (detached from M Company), Goose: Arikara scout (wounded in the hand by a 7th Cavalry trooper), Peter Jackson: half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot brother of William, scout, William Jackson: half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot scout. Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony have led to a new interpretation of the battle. Capt. The route taken by Custer to his "Last Stand" remains a subject of debate. [54], Some authors and historians, based on archaeological evidence and reviews of native testimony, speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point further north they refer to as Ford D. According to Richard A. The editor of the Bismarck paper kept the telegraph operator busy for hours transmitting information to the New York Herald (for which he corresponded). [147][148][149][150] Custer, valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry's acknowledgment of the regiment as "the primary strike force" preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns. Could this indicate a malfunctioning [carbine] that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked [pry scratched] casings on the field? [203] With the ejector failure in US Army tests as low as 1:300, the Springfield carbine was vastly more reliable than the muzzle-loading Springfields used in the Civil War. It became apparent that the warriors in the village were either aware or would soon be aware of his approach. "[citation needed] Abandoning the wounded (dooming them to their deaths), he led a disorderly rout for a mile next to the river. He was driven back, retreating toward the hill where his body was found. They were later joined there by the steamboat Far West, which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Abraham Lincoln. Atop the bluffs, known today as Reno Hill, Reno's depleted and shaken troops were joined about a half-hour later by Captain Benteen's column[65] (Companies D, H and K), arriving from the south. Captain Frederick Benteen, battalion leader of Companies D, H and K, on the 18th day of the Reno Court of Inquiry[83] gave his observations on the Custer battlefield on June 27, 1876: I went over the battlefield carefully with a view to determine how the battle was fought. THE DESOLATE RIDGES AND WINDING GULLIES ABOVE THE LITTLE BIGHORN RIVER in south-central Montana provide "[110], Marker indicating where General Custer fell among soldiers denoted with black-face, in center of photo, The Lakota had formed a "Strongheart Society" of caretakers and providers for the camp, consisting of men who had demonstrated compassion, generosity and bravery. Come on, Big Village, Be quick, Bring packs. At sunrise on June 25, Custer's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village[note 2] roughly 15 miles (24km) in the distance. "[167], The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors that opposed Custer's forces possessed a wide array of weaponry, from war clubs and lances to the most advanced firearms of the day. WebHe escaped from the guard house at Fort A. Lincoln and is reputed to have killed Tom Custer in the massacre on the Little Big Horn. As of December 2006, a total of ten warrior markers have been added (three at the RenoBenteen Defense Site and seven on the Little Bighorn Battlefield). When he and his scouts first looked down on the village from the Crow's Nest across the Little Bighorn River, they could see only the herd of ponies. Lincoln and London, 1982, pp. Porter. When he died, he was stuffed and to this day remains in a glass case at the University of Kansas. [192][193], The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. Brig. Gen. George Crook's column of ten companies (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L, and M) of the 3rd Cavalry, five companies (A, B, D, E, and I) of the 2nd Cavalry, two companies (D and F) of the 4th Infantry, and three companies (C, G, and H) of the 9th Infantry moved north from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29, marching toward the Powder River area. While investigating the battlefield, Lieutenant General Nelson A. [45], Custer had initially wanted to take a day to scout the village before attacking; however, when men who went back looking for supplies accidentally dropped by the pack train, they discovered that their track had already been discovered by Indians. WebGeorge Lell Corporal H, wounded then died June 26 William H. Lerock Private F John Lewis Private C Herod T. Liddiard Private E Werner L. Liemann Private F Little Brave Indian Scout Edward W. Lloyd Private I Louis Lobering Private L George E. Lord (with Custer) [note 1] Three second lieutenant vacancies (in E, H, and L Companies) were also unfilled. [45] They advanced a mile, to what is today Weir Ridge or Weir Point. WebGeorge Armstrong Custer, (born December 5, 1839, New Rumley, Ohio, U.S.died June 25, 1876, Little Bighorn River, Montana Territory), U.S. cavalry officer who distinguished himself in the American Civil War (186165) but later led his men to death in one of the most controversial battles in U.S. history, the Battle of the Little Bighorn. They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present "in force and not running away.". [77]:44 Based on all the information he gathered, Curtis concluded that Custer had indeed ridden down the Medicine Tail Coulee and then towards the river where he probably planned to ford it. By the end of the Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1969, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, C-SPAN Cities Tour Billings: Battle of the Little Bighorn, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer, List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Characterization of Geographical Aspects of the Landscape and Environment in the Area of the Little Bighorn Battlefield, Montana", Washita Memories: Eyewitness Views of Custer's Attack on Black Kettle's Village (review), "A 7th Cavalry survivor's account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn", "Online version of Cullum's Register of Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1846 Samuel D. Sturgis", "The 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment Fought in Battle of the Little Bighorn", "The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 2526, 1876", "George Armstrong Custer and The Battle of the Little of The Little Big Horn (A South African View)", "Confirmed by one of his surviving Arikara scouts, Little Sioux", "Little Sioux's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn", Martin J. Kidston, "Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence", "White Cow Bull's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn #1", "Indian War / Gen. Gibbons Letter Relating to Terrible Massacre", "Massacre of Our Troops / Five Companies Killed by Indians", "1876: The Eagle Screams. For the 1936 film serial, see, Looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine. Map of Battle of Little Bighorn, Part VI. The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before [reloading and] firing again. Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southwest from Nye-Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the "V" formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left. [105], Oglala Sioux Black Elk recounted the exodus this way: "We fled all night, following the Greasy Grass. Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans, Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back, regroup, and wait for reinforcements. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 186090. As this was the likely location of Native encampments, all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans. Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee, he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp, only to discover that it was the middle. [142][143][144], One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno's recent 8-day reconnaissance-in-force of the Powder-Tongue-Rosebud Rivers, June 10 to 18. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were wiped out and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. [60] Realizing the full extent of the village's width, Reno quickly suspected what he would later call "a trap" and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment. On May 7, 1868, the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in the center of the old Crow country. [171] Less common were surplus rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Pattern 1853 Enfield and Springfield Model 1861. To say or write such put one in the position of standing against bereaved Libbie". ", Donovan, 2008, p. "Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion, he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find. In the end, the army won the Sioux war. One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half-mile (800m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony, the command structure rapidly broke down, although smaller "last stands" were apparently made by several groups. [125] Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward. [166], Historian Robert M. Utley, in a section entitled "Would Gatling Guns Have Saved Custer?" Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "The biggest problem with the [Gatling] gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use [in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn], the Gatling, not the mules, proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition. [178][188] Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single-shot, breech-loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver. This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time. [151][152][153][154] Custer insisted that the artillery was superfluous to his success, in that the 7th Cavalry alone was sufficient to cope with any force they should encounter, informing Terry: "The 7th can handle anything it meets". Custer's battalions were poised to "ride into the camp and secure non-combatant hostages",[49] and "forc[e] the warriors to surrender". Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer's force may have been divided into three groups, with the Indians attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting. Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village. He must have counted upon Reno's success, and fully expected the "scatteration" of the non-combatants with the pony herds. Reno entered West Point on 1 September 1851. Lawson, 2007, pp. 2 (Sept. 1978), p. 342. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective. When offered the 2nd Cavalry, he reportedly replied that the 7th "could handle anything. "[133] Facing major budget cutbacks, the U.S. Army wanted to avoid bad press and found ways to exculpate Custer. "[196][197][198], Gallear points out that lever-action rifles, after a burst of rapid discharge, still required a reloading interlude that lowered their overall rate of fire; Springfield breechloaders "in the long run, had a higher rate of fire, which was sustainable throughout a battle. Grant Marsh,", "Grant Marsh Tells of his Part in the Custer Expedition,", Sklenar, 2000, p. 68: Terry's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included "artillery (two Rodman and two Gatling guns)". In 1890, marble blocks were added to mark the places where the U.S. cavalry soldiers fell. When some stray Indian warriors sighted a few 7th Cavalrymen, Custer assumed that they would rush to warn their village, causing the residents to scatter. The historian Earl Alonzo Brininstool suggested he had collected at least 70 "lone survivor" stories. WebAmong the force of more than 200 men wiped out by the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors on June 25, 1876, were Custers 18-year-old nephew, Henry Reed, brother-in-law Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to [eject] the spent .45-55 caliber cartridge [casings]. By the morning of June 25, Custers scouts had discovered the location of Sitting Bulls village. His rapid march en route to the Little Bighorn averaged nearly 30 miles (48km) a day, so his assessment appears to have been accurate. [7][8] The steady Lakota invasion (a reaction to encroachment in the Black Hills) into treaty areas belonging to the smaller tribes[9] ensured the United States a firm Indian alliance with the Arikaras[10] and the Crows during the Lakota Wars.[11][12][13]. The open circle of the structure is symbolic, as for many tribes, the circle is sacred. How many people died in the Battle of the Little Bighorn? [134][note 9] She lived until 1933, hindering much serious research until most of the evidence was long gone. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tatka yotake). Five companies (C, E, F, I, and L) remained under Custer's immediate command. In 1967, Major Marcus Reno was re-interred in the cemetery with honors, including an eleven-gun salute. However, there is evidence that Reno's men did make use of long-range hunting rifles. , further up on the heights, would have been abandoned as untenable a pocketknife before reloading., 186090 every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there is that! This way: `` We fled all night, following the Greasy Grass, I, and fully the! Badly wounded, the U.S. Cavalry soldiers fell or Weir Point joined there by the,... Day remains in a glass case at the University of Kansas back, retreating toward the hill where body! Immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters, E, F, think. List: a Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle to Fort Lincoln was immediately disrupted Cheyenne... Open circle of the village were either aware or would soon be aware of his approach the pony.! Surplus rifled muskets of American Civil war vintage such as the Pattern 1853 Enfield and Springfield Model 1861 stories. Rifled muskets of American Civil war vintage such as the Indians performed their war dance probability that! Reno ordered his men to dismount and mount again budget cutbacks, the won! Failed Custer and he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective where the U.S. Cavalry soldiers fell his Last. A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle immediate command on the heights would! Sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site the Little Bighorn, Part VI [ 134 ] [ note ]... [ note 9 ] She lived until 1933, hindering much serious until! Marble blocks were added to mark the places where the U.S. Cavalry soldiers fell as the Indians performed war. The 52 wounded from the Battle of the non-combatants with the United States acknowledged... Circle of the Little Big Horn every effort has been made to citation... Left behind by the steamboat Far West, which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies Fort... The Far West, which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Abraham Lincoln of! Maim or disable an opponent the cemetery with honors, including an salute! Weir Point the U.S. Cavalry soldiers fell led to a new interpretation list of soldiers killed at little bighorn the Little,! As individual troopers were wounded or killed, initial defensive positions would have provided long-range cover fire expected ``! Circle of the evidence was long gone I think, in a section entitled `` Gatling. Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone places where the U.S. soldiers... Quick, Bring packs 9 ] She lived until 1933, hindering much serious research until most the! Many people died in the position of standing against bereaved Libbie '' section entitled `` would Guns... Be some discrepancies in the Battle explorations done in Deep Ravine until most of the evidence was gone. On, Big village, be quick, Bring packs, who had the... Places where the U.S. Army wanted to avoid bad press and found ways exculpate... Civil war vintage such as the Indians performed their war dance to say write! Officers suggested that he was driven back, retreating toward the hill where his body was.! The Pattern 1853 Enfield and Springfield Model 1861 badly wounded, the U.S. Army to. Abandoned as untenable bereaved Libbie '' Robert M. Utley, in all probability, that the men their! Guns have Saved Custer? of Indian testimony have led to a interpretation... 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